Mitochondria are the body’s “powerhouses,” responsible for producing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These organelles are essential for cellular metabolism and influence a wide range of physiological functions. Found in nearly all human cells, the number of mitochondria varies depending on tissue demand—for example, heart, liver, and brain cells contain between 2,000 and 100,000 mitochondria each, while red blood cells contain none.
Mitochondria generate energy via oxidative phosphorylation, converting nutrients into ATP. They are also involved in cell signaling, apoptosis (programmed cell death), calcium regulation, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are crucial for signaling but potentially harmful in excess.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs when mitochondria fail to operate efficiently, resulting in impaired energy production and accumulation of toxic byproducts. This dysfunction is associated with a range of conditions, including:
- Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
- Long COVID
- Burnout
- Depression and depressive symptoms
- Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s)
- Metabolic syndrome (diabetes, obesity, hypertension)
- Cardiovascular disease
- Cognitive decline (memory problems, poor concentration)
A distinction is made between primary mitochondrial disorders (genetically based) and secondary or acquired dysfunctions, which often result from lifestyle factors, toxic exposures, or chronic illness.
Diagnostic Methods
Advanced laboratory diagnostics can detect mitochondrial impairment by measuring energy production, oxidative stress, and reserve capacity. The most comprehensive assessment is the Bioenergetic Health Index (BHI Plus), which quantifies overall mitochondrial function.
Bioenergetic Health Index (BHI Plus)
BHI Plus measures mitochondrial energy capacity and resilience to oxidative stress. The test is performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), isolated from a blood sample. Using advanced tools such as the Seahorse XF Pro Analyzer, cellular oxygen consumption is assessed under various conditions.
Parameters include:
- Basal respiration – baseline cellular energy consumption
- ATP production – energy generated under normal conditions
- Proton leak – inefficiencies in energy utilization
- Reserve capacity – ability to meet increased energy demand
- Non-mitochondrial respiration – oxidative stress from non-mitochondrial sources
A low BHI suggests impaired mitochondrial function, while a high BHI reflects strong bioenergetic health.
Complementary Biomarkers
Additional laboratory markers may be used to deepen the assessment:
- mtDNA/nDNA ratio – Indicates mitochondrial density per cell
- Nrf2 – Transcription factor that regulates antioxidant defenses
- PGC-1α – Controls mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant response
- Rhodanase – Enzyme involved in the electron transport chain
Factors Affecting Mitochondrial Function
Mitochondria are sensitive to both internal and external stressors. Key contributors to mitochondrial damage include:
- Environmental toxins and heavy metals
- Chronic stress and poor sleep
- Infections and inflammation (e.g., SARS-CoV-2)
- Aging and oxidative stress
- Nutrient deficiencies (CoQ10, magnesium, B vitamins)
Therapeutic Strategies
The goal of treatment is to restore mitochondrial function, enhance energy production, and promote resilience through biogenesis.
Therapy Guided by BHI Plus
- IHHT (Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Therapy) – BHI > 1.5
Increases mitochondrial number and efficiency using cycles of high and low oxygen exposure. Benefits include improved circulation, enhanced immunity, and higher energy levels. - IHT (Intermittent Hypoxia Therapy) – BHI 1.3–1.5
A gentler form of oxygen-based stimulation to support mitochondrial regeneration and stress adaptation. - Ozone or CO₂ Therapy – BHI < 1.3
Used in cases of severe mitochondrial dysfunction to boost circulation, reduce inflammation, and improve tissue oxygenation.
Nutritional Support
Specific nutrients are critical for mitochondrial energy production:
- Coenzyme Q10 – Supports energy synthesis and antioxidant defense
- Magnesium – Essential for ATP production
- B vitamins (B2, B3, B6, B12) – Vital for metabolic pathways
- Vitamins C and E – Potent antioxidants
- Curcumin and resveratrol – Promote mitochondrial health and biogenesis
- PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline quinone) – Stimulates mitochondrial generation
- Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) – Enhance cell membrane integrity and metabolism
Lifestyle Interventions
- Endurance training – Stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis
- Stress management – Reduces oxidative stress and supports cellular function
- Healthy nutrition – Emphasizes antioxidant-rich and nutrient-dense foods
- Intermittent fasting – Encourages mitochondrial renewal and autophagy
Clinical Relevance
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the development of many chronic conditions and may explain vague symptoms such as persistent fatigue, poor concentration, and muscle weakness. Thorough mitochondrial assessment is essential for identifying root causes and guiding targeted treatment strategies.
📞 For more information or to schedule an appointment, please contact Orion Biomedica.